EPILEPSY WITH READING-INDUCED SEIZURES (EwRIS)

• Non-epileptic stuttering: Nonepileptic stuttering is characterized by involuntary repetitions, prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses during which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.
• Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy distinguished by:
  • although cognitive induction of seizures by praxis (i.e. thinking or decision-making) has been recognized in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, the reading or language-induced seizures do not occur
  • the location of myoclonic jerks is in the upper extremities in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, whereas it is in the orofacial muscles (e.g. jaw) in epilepsy with reading-induced seizures
  • the myoclonus is predominantly in the morning in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
  • spontaneous myoclonus occurs, this is rare in epilepsy with reading-induced seizures
  • a photosensitive response on EEG is common in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
• Focal seizures in occipitotemporal networks rarely can be induced by reading, but there is no orofacial myoclonus.